Roof Tile Installation

1. AREA OF THE APPLICATION

 

1.1. Guidelines have been developed in order to provide glass-filled polymer tile with the utmost quality. These requirements define design, production, specific materials, as well as the methods of quality control and the level of inspection for a completed work on roofing installation.
1.2. Glass-filled polymer tile made by "TK" “Expertinvestproject" is used on sloping roofs of residential buildings, public buildings and facilities, various institutions, agricultural buildings, and most structures with a slope angle of from 5 to 0 degrees.
There are no current restrictions on hygiene and radiation safety issues concerning glass-filled Polymer tile manufactured by “TK” of “Expertinvestproject”.

 

2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

 

2.1. Glass-filled Polymer tile is an ecologically clean, waterproof, and freeze-resistant (over 400 cycles) roofing material.
2.2. Based on the special criteria of tile roofing material, the recommended range of the slope angle on sloping roofs with Glass-filled Polymer tile is from 20 to 75 degrees.
The ideal angles are considered those with the slope angle of more than 22 degrees. Thus, in the event of rain, water entry under the tile caused by strong gusts of wind is completely eliminated.
If the slope angle is less than 18 degrees, an insulating airtight, moisture-proof layer should be provided under the tile layer – the lower roofing layer. If the slope angle of the roof is more than 75 degrees, secure the tiles by using screws with anticorrosive coating, a possible reinforcement of the sheathing.
2.3. The roof is properly ventilated due to the special features of the design and elements of ventilation of the tiled roofing construction.
2.4. There is a low coefficient of temperature expansion together with the utilization of scale-type method compensate for the effect of thermal expansion of the roof during the weather changes of the surrounding air temperature.
2.5. There are plenty of color options and the availability of the special types of tile offer an opportunity to emphasize a certain architectural style.
2.6. Using glass-filled Polymer tile makes it easier to provide a roofing system with necessary elements such as antennas, ventilation grills, roof hatches, attic windows etc.

 

3. INSTALLATION

 

3.1. The tiled roofing is installed over wooden rafter systems. If necessary, use of a metal framework is possible.
3.2. During installation on attic floors - while working on the sloping sections of the roof made from cellular-concrete panels - the wooden framework can be placed directly on top of the panels. The section depth of the rafter, which is placed over the panels, is set depending on the required thickness of the heat insulation and clearance for ventilation over it (20mm).
3.3. Whether the heat insulation is required between the rafter framework of the roof is different in every circumstance and on the purpose of the attic area as well as the climatic region.
3.4. The deadweight of the tile roofing (without sheathing and if the roof is horizontal) is equal to 24 ± to 0,5 kG/sq. m
3.5. Depending on specific use of the buildings and structures, roofing tiles can be installed in accordance with three following diagrams:
3.6. Installation of tile roofing with an additional insulating layer is recommended. (Refer to diagram II, III). In the event of snow blowing under the tiles, melted water or condensation will run down the waterproof layer without difficulty and go right into the drain system. To ensure this and also to guarantee ventilation of the area under the tiles, wood planks are placed over the waterproof layer along the slope (which will be referred to further on as “counter sheathing”). If there is a lower roofing layer present, a counter-sheathing should be provided:
- counter-sheathing provides a space for ventilation between the tiles and the lower roofing layer;
- any water that gets under the roof can drain away without complications;
- minimal length of the counter-sheathing section is 25 X 50 mm.
If the standards of the roof installation are more demanding, the dimensions of the counter-sheathing section should be increased (30X50, 40X50, 50X50).
The sheathing plants must be installed over the counter-sheathing and across the slope because they function as the base for the tiles.
The wood subfloor must be made out of boards. The thickness of floor depends on the space between rafters and generally is chosen based on the calculation, but not less than 20 mm.
3.7. Installation of tile roofing (according to the diagram II) using waterproof reinforced polyethylene film as an additional layer placed over the rafters, provides the an opportunity to save wood material – for subfloors; however, it implies the use of special waterproof material with the high tensile strength.
3.8. Installation of the lower roofing layer is done at the small roof angle of inclination (less than 18 degrees).
The installation of the lower roofing layer can be executed in various ways, for example: - base made from the waterproof materials - waterproofing.
3.9. Sheathing is made of wooden planks with rectangular sections with minimal sizes of 50x25 (h).
Recommended space between the planks of counter-sheathing, placed over the waterproof layer along the wooden subfloor made from boards - 500 mm.
3.10. Installation for all types of tiles, with the overall standard size of 330 x 420, the sheathing must be installed with a certain incremental length along the entire slope using gable tiles. The incremental length of sheathing can be anywhere from 360 to 375 mm. An incremental length of 360 mm and or less is utilized for roofs without gable tiles and with slope angles less than 18 degrees. Minimal overlap of the tiles must be 45 mm.
It is recommended that the second plank of sheathing from the eaves should be placed 320 mm higher than the lower edge of the slope, which ensures 80 mm overhang of the first row of tiles.
3.11. The overall length of the slope from the ridge to the eaves must correspond to the number of tiles. After making all preliminary calculations, the exact value of the slope length is then determined.
3.12. The total width of the roof slope must also be equal to the values and divisible by the number of tiles. The calculation of the width of the roofing (the quantity of the tiles in one row) is done while taking into account useful width of the tile and gable elements.
3.13. The fastening of the tiles to the sheathing planks is done using nails or screws. (It is recommended to use zinc-coated ones). There are two blind openings with a diameter of 4 mm in each tile. The tile is nailed to the sheathing through the openings on the top.
3.14. All tiles in every row must be fastened.
3.15 Fastening the ridge tiles is also done by nails or screws (It is recommended to use zinc-coated ones). The ridge must be nailed to the ridge bar. The ridge bar is attached with special metal elements to the rafters or to the planks of the sheathing.
The spacing of the ridge bar fastened to the rafters must be along the entire length of ridge and should not be more than 600 mm along the inclined edges of the roof.

 

4. PROCESS OF THE WORKS

 

4.1 The main tools for the installation of glass-filled Polymer tile are: an electric screwdriver, a screwdriver, a hammer, a hack-saw (Bulgarian), and a furniture stapler for fastening of waterproofing material.
4.2. For taking measurements:
• measure the length of ridge,
• measure the length of the overhang,
• measure the length of rafters,
• measure the diagonals of the slopes,
• determine the angle of the roof slope,
• determine the height of the roof ridge.
4.3. During the installation of the tile roofing before laying the wood subfloor in the places of valleys on the roof, a solid board floor is installed along the valleys. Lay it over the planes of the slopes no less than 300 mm from the axis of the gutters.
4.4. The joining of boards, lengthwise, is performed on the rafters.
4.5. Let the siding of the eaves overhang.
In the case of a controlled drain system installation and prior to laying the tiles, the hooks must be placed along the eaves edge for the attachment of drain gutters. The hooks, which are made of strip steel, are fastened with zinc-coated nails or screws 600 mm apart from each other. The slope of the gutter must be no less than 3 mm/m.p.
In order to mount blocks of the gutter they must be bent back along the slope of the roof so that the thicker rear wall of the gutter is 10 mm higher than the front one. This is done in order to prevent over-pouring of water onto the wall of the house.
In general, during installation of the gutters, it is necessary to ensure that the first row of the riles is not hanging over more than 1/3 of the diameter of the gutter.
4.6. The installation of the waterproof material or construction of the lower roofing layer.
Waterproof material is rolled out over the wood subfloor made of boards. If traditional materials such as rubberoid are used for insulation, counter-sheathing is to be fastened by zinc-coated nails within 300 mm distance from each other over the placed strips.
During the placement of roll waterproof materials across the slope, there must be 50-100 mm of overlapping of each successive layer of waterproofing material. It is necessary to cut the sheathing planks in order to make its pieces equal to the width of the roll, and then attach each strip of waterproofing separately from the bottom to the top along the slope.
Waterproof material can be rolled out, in the vertical direction along the roof slope. In this case it is necessary to ensure a 100 mm overlap of the strips, which must be fastened on top by sheathing planks.
On the ridges and on the rigid edges, to provide ventilation for the area under the roof, the length of waterproof layer and counter-sheathing should not reach apex by 30-40 mm. If there is no special ventilation film of the ridge, a strip of waterproof material is placed over the sheathing along the entire length of the ridge.
The overlapping of the counter layers of waterproof material must be executed on the valleys, each isolation layer must be placed no less than 300 mm over the axis of the valley. In order to provide the unrestricted drain of rain water along the valleys, counter-sheathing must be 60 mm above the bottom.
4.7. During installation of the insulating film layer (without the wood subfloor diagram II), the film is fastened with stapler clamps or roofing nails within no more than 300 mm from each other - ensuring a 20-25 mm sag of the film for an unrestricted drain of water or condensation - removing water away from the sheathing.
If length of the slope is short – up to 4 m, the film can be fastened directly to the sheathing. If the length of the slope is over 4 m, the sheathing must be fastened over the film to the rafters.
On the valleys a 300 mm overlap of the film should be allowed and an additional strip of waterproof film is to be placed over the previous two layers.
After placing waterproof material on the valleys, a test flushing must be performed.
4.8. Sheathing installation.
Attention: the moisture content of the sheathing planks should not exceed 25%.
The fastening of the sheathing is done by nails. The distance between the sheathing planks is maintained with the aid of the guide. Joining the sheathing planks is done along the rafters or on the counter-sheathing.
It is prohibited to use planks with knots for sheathing.
4.9. Installation of ridge and edge planks.
Ridge planks are fastened by special metal elements. Distance between the edge of the upper sheathing plank and apex along the axis of the ridge is 40 mm. The minimum size of the ridge plank must be 50x50 mm.
4.10. The spacing of vertical pegs
Tile installation begins with the spacing of vertical pegs. In order to space correctly, it is necessary to lay out the first and last rows of tiles on the sheathing. In case the tiles on the gable do not face   the front board, this can be corrected by leaving a clearance between each scarf – up to 3 mm. Next, the gable pegs are marked with a coloring cord, every 3- 5 pegs.
4.11. The application of tiles along the gable.
Gable tiles are laid on the right side of the slopes from the bottom to the top and are aligned with the string.
4.12. The application of the tiles.
Before installation, the nail holes in the tiles must be thoroughly cleaned of any foreign material. A negligent execution or non-execution of this requirement may result in loose-fitting tiles.
The application of tiles is performed from right to left, from the bottom to the top along the entire height of the roof slope. Each third row of tiles is aligned from the eaves to the ridge with the cord.
To ensure even load transfer on the walls of the building, tile application is performed simultaneously on both slopes of the roof. In the case of a multi-slope roof be sure to observe the evenness of the transmitted load on the roof slopes.
4.13. The installation of the tiles on valleys and edges.
Tiles are to be cut off on the job to template to the correct angle. After cutting and drilling, tiles must be immediately washed with water. After application, the tiles should be fastened to the sheathing with zinc-coated screws or nails. There must be a clearance of 15- of 25 mm between the cut off edge of the tile and the ridge plank. On the valleys, the distance from the axis of the gutter to the cut-off edge of the tiles must be 130 - 150 mm for efficient drainage of water, leaves and branches.
4.14. The flushing of finished roofing with water.

5. CONTROL OF QUALITY AND INSPECTION OF COMPLETED WORK

5.1 Quality of tile roofing depends the following:
- quality of design paperwork;
- quality of utilized materials and products;
- compliance with work production technology;
- effective supervision during all stages of work. Extra attention should be paid to the organization of the production process, as well as experienced and the responsible workers.

6. TILE ROOFING MAINTENANCE DURING BUILDING EXPLOITATION AND REPAIR OF THE DAMAGES

6.1 Maintenance services must monitor the integrity and exterior of the roof in order for the roofing to preserve its qualities.
6.2. During exploitation of the building with applied tiled roofing it is necessary to:
- to maintain all ventilation units of the building in the working order, this will ensure elimination of humidity from the inner premises;
- to take  measures to avoid any mechanical damage to the roofing.

 

Ordinary tiles (Roman)

 

 

Length – 400mm, width -310 mm, height -10 mm
Mass 2,6+ - 0,2 kg
Critical bending load not less than 1,0 kN
Exposed size: length –   360 - 375 mm
Width – 300 mm
No of pieces per sq. m. – 10
Tile has two nail holes for fastening to the sheathing.

 

Ridge tiles

 

Utilized for application on the ridges and edge of the roof
Length – 370 mm, width – 210 mm.
Maximum height – 90 mm.
Mass – 1.8 kg
Critical bending load not less than 1,0 kN
Exposed size:    length – 330-350 mm
width – 160 mm.
No of pieces per sq. m. – 3.0 – 3,3
Tile has one nail hole for fastening to the ridge.